Memory system

This core subsystem manages the entire data storage hierarchy, enabling the CPU to access instructions and active data at nanosecond speeds.

The Memory System is the engine for data access, a tiered architecture critical for performance. At the top, Level 1 and Level 2 SRAM caches provide the fastest access (sub-nanosecond) for the CPU’s most immediate needs. Main memory, typically high-speed DDR5 DRAM, handles the active working set of the operating system and applications, offering high bandwidth (e.g., 51.2 GB/s for DDR4-3200 in dual-channel) and capacity (up to 64GB per module). Below this lies non-volatile storage (SSD/Flash), which ensures data persistence. The system’s primary job is to minimize latency and maximize throughput across these tiers, preventing the CPU from stalling on data fetch operations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory