Optimization

Optimization is the computational technology for selecting the best element—the optimal solution—from a set of available alternatives, maximizing a target objective function (e.g., profit) subject to defined constraints (e.g., resources or time).

This core technology, also known as mathematical programming, determines the most efficient outcome for complex systems. It operates by defining three elements: an objective function (the value to maximize or minimize), a set of decision variables, and a collection of constraints (the rules). Algorithms like the Simplex Method or Gradient Descent then systematically search the solution space. Applications are critical across all quantitative disciplines: we use it to minimize cost in supply chain logistics, maximize portfolio returns in finance, and train models in machine learning for peak performance.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization