Algorithms

Algorithms are the precise, step-by-step procedures: the core logic driving computation, from Dijkstra's shortest path to the $O(n log n)$ efficiency of Quicksort.

Algorithms are the fundamental blueprints (the 'how') for solving computational problems, defining a finite sequence of instructions to achieve a specific, predictable output. They are critical for efficiency, measured by Big O notation (e.g., $O(n)$ linear time), which dictates performance across massive datasets. Modern applications rely on these structures: Google Search uses the PageRank algorithm for relevance; machine learning models employ backpropagation for training; and cryptography depends on the RSA algorithm for secure data exchange.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithms