Power supplies

Power supplies are essential converters, taking source current (e.g., 120V AC) and regulating it to precise, stable DC voltages (e.g., 12V, 5V) for electronic loads; key types include Switch-Mode (SMPS) and Uninterruptible (UPS) systems.

Power supplies are the critical link between a raw power source and sensitive electronics, functioning as electric power converters. Their core job is conversion and regulation: taking high-voltage Alternating Current (AC) from the grid (100-240V) and transforming it into the clean, low-voltage Direct Current (DC) required by components, typically 12V or 5V. Modern units, like Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS), achieve high efficiency, often meeting strict 80 PLUS standards (Bronze to Titanium). Beyond simple conversion, they manage power conditioning, current limiting, and fault protection, ensuring system stability in everything from data center Redundant (N+1) arrays to embedded industrial controllers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply